2009杨纪琬会计学奖优秀博士论文——我国上市公司的财务重述与公司治理(于鹏)
发布时间:Dec 8, 2009     浏览次数:7722     【打印此页】  【关闭窗口】

 

 
财务重述是指上市公司在发现并纠正前期财务报告的差错时,重新表述以前公布的财务报告的行为。许多学者研究指出,财务重述的发生在资本市场上引起负面的反应,造成了资本市场的损失,并给上市公司带来了一系列不利的经济后果;财务重述作为企业盈余操纵行为的表征,其发生反映了公司治理机制的缺陷和治理效率的低下。近年来,我国上市公司财务重述的发生比例达到了较高的水平,这一现象给资本市场的正常运转带来了威胁,损害了中小投资者的利益。什么样的公司更可能发生财务重述,发生财务重述的公司具有什么样的治理特征,成为作者所关心的重要问题。本文从公司治理核心的产权结构入手,研究何种股权结构的公司更可能发生财务重述,试图发现何种产权结构更具有公司治理效率;同时,本文以财务重述作为标志变量,检验公司治理中重要的外部约束力量——独立审计师的监督效率。本文以我国的上市公司为研究对象,试图通过财务重述与股权结构和独立审计之间关系的研究,为我国公司治理的效率提供经验证据,并针对资本市场各相关方提出一些建议。
本文分为六章,各章内容如下:
第一章为导论。本章首先介绍了研究的缘起,然后回顾了国内外学者财务重述方面的研究成果。这些成果表明,在资本市场上,财务重述的发生引起负面的反应,导致了资本市场的不稳定;财务重述导致了一系列对企业不利的经济后果;财务重述的发生与公司治理机制的缺陷有关;盈余管理行为是导致财务重述的一个重要原因。在此基础上,本文提出财务重述研究在理论研究方面的积极意义,指出财务重述研究促进了盈余管理研究的发展,提供了公司治理研究的新视角,为独立审计研究开辟了新的契机;与此同时,财务重述研究还极具现实意义,其研究可以为投资者进行决策提供依据,为国有企业改革提供政策依据,为民营企业的发展提供决策依据,为遏制地方保护行为提供政策依据。随后,本章列示了论文的逻辑框架。
第二章是研究的基础理论与制度背景。本章简要回顾了产权理论和公司治理理论,并将其与财务重述问题进行结合,构成了本文的理论基础。研究发现,在企业的剩余索取权与剩余控制权不对应的情况下,企业的产权是不清晰的,企业的效率是低下的,此时企业财务重述的发生概率将大为上升;无论股东与经理人的代理冲突还是大股东与小股东的代理冲突,实质上都是企业外部投资者和内部控制人之间的利益冲突,企业实际控制者对于报告盈利数据的有意操纵是以满足实际控制人私有利益为目标的,这种行为侵害了投资者的利益,显示出企业公司治理机制效率的低下。其后本章评述了我国企业的发展历程,指出历史背景对企业的影响,在此基础上分析了我国特有制度背景对企业的股权结构和独立审计方面的影响,并对股权结构和独立审计与财务重述之间的关系进行了预期。
第三章是对我国财务重述制度演进的回顾与财务重述现状的分析。本章回顾了财务重述制度的历史沿革,指出财务重述是对以前发布的错误会计信息进行更正的过程。此后,论文结合我国的实际,对导致财务重述发生的原因进行了分类,指出经营压力、管理层更迭和外部监督力量导致了财务重述的发生。最后,根据我国财务重述制度的演进过程分析,论文解释了如何建立研究样本,并对研究样本的年度、行业、地区构成进行了简要的分析,对我国财务重述问题的现状进行了总体概括。
第四章是股权结构对财务重述影响的实证研究。股权结构是公司治理的核心问题之一,股权结构的不同导致企业业绩与经营行为的显著差异。我国上市公司应采取何种股权结构,以提高企业的经营绩效,是学术界一个极具争议的话题。研究上市公司的股权结构与财务重述之间的关系,为探求股权结构的公司治理效率提供了新的研究视角。本章结合我国的实际情况,以股东性质和控股情况变量的交叉影响将研究样本分成四个部分:非国有且非控股公司、国有非控股公司、非国有控股公司和国有控股公司,通过对各部分公司财务重述发生概率的比较分析,揭示不同股权状态下的公司治理效率的差异。研究发现:国有控股公司发生财务重述的概率显著低于未绝对控股公司;这一结果印证了“搭便车”理论,即在股权分散情况下,由于“搭便车”行为的存在,上市公司的内部控制人更可能进行盈余操纵。而在绝对控股条件下,最终控制人为非国有性质的上市公司发生财务重述的可能性比国有性质的公司发生财务重述的可能性显著要低,这一结论验证了“所有权缺位”理论,即由于国有股所有权缺位,国有股东即使在控股条件下仍不能有效的控制代理成本,而非国有股东控股时更可能降低代理成本,提高公司治理的效率。
第五章是财务重述与独立审计治理效率的实证研究。保证独立审计质量,是提高会计信息质量、促进公司治理效率提高的关键措施。我国上市公司偏好聘请本地审计师,已有研究指出我国上市公司聘请本地会计师事务所具有改善审计意见的动机,但未完全证明这种动机是否实现。我国资本市场上独立审计的治理效率如何,地缘联系是否影响独立审计的治理效率,是各利益相关方关注的重大问题。本章在回顾已有研究的基础上建立了以财务重述为视角研究审计治理效率的模型,同时综合考虑财务重述和地缘联系的影响,以检验地缘联系是否影响审计独立性。研究结果表明,在控制相关因素影响的情况下,即将发生财务重述的上市公司更可能收到“非标”意见,显示独立审计发挥了积极的治理作用;但与外地审计师相比,具有地缘联系的本地审计师对即将发生财务重述公司出具“非标”意见的概率显著下降,显示审计师的独立性受到了地缘联系的负面影响。第六章是对本文的总结。本章首先对前文的研究进行了总结,指出了研究的贡献,然后根据研究结论阐释了研究对理论与实践的启示,最后指出了本研究中存在的不足和将来需要继续深入研究的方向。本文的贡献在于:
第一,本文借鉴国际经验,对我国财务重述制度沿革进行了分析,指出财务重述是修正前期发布的财务报告以反映前期报告中会计差错被更正的过程,财务重述信息正日益成为重要的会计信息。根据财务重述发生的原因,财务重述可以区分为主动披露与被动披露两大类。通过对现状分析发现,我国财务重述发生比例较高,但近年来呈下降趋势。
第二,本文以财务重述为研究视角,研究股权结构的治理效率。公司治理效率最明显的表征就是公司业绩,因而,分析股权结构与公司业绩之间的关系便成为研究股权结构影响公司治理效率的最直接方法,但由于经营绩效的衡量难以达成一致,学者们已有的研究结论大相径庭。而财务重述是实际发生的事件,且其发生在一定程度上反映了公司治理缺陷的存在,因此本文研究深化了已有的关于股权结构公司治理效率的研究。第三,本文深化了股权结构公司治理效率研究的方法。本文综合考虑了控股程度与控股股东性质交叉作用的影响,来判断上市公司股权治理的效率。研究发现在我国资本市场上,不同性质股东发挥的作用不能一概而论,控股公司的公司治理效率显著高于未绝对控股公司,在控股条件下,非国有性质的上市公司治理的效率显著高于国有性质的上市公司。
第四,本文丰富了有关审计独立性的研究,关于影响审计独立性因素的研究成果十分丰富,但系统研究地缘联系对审计独立性影响的研究尚不多见。已有研究表明我国上市公司偏好本地审计师具有改善审计意见的动机,但未证明这种动机是否实现,本文采用财务重述为研究视角,系统研究了地缘联系对审计独立性的影响,提供了地缘联系影响审计独立性的经验证据。
第五,本文深化了审计治理效率的研究方法,本文借助财务重述的视角,综合考虑地缘联系和财务重述对审计意见的影响,用地缘联系与财务重述的交互项检验地缘联系对审计独立性的真实影响,结论更为可靠。
与此同时,本文研究存在的不足在于:
第一,财务重述衡量的精确性问题。我国上市公司披露财务重述信息既不及时,也不规范,这给本文开展研究带来了极大的困难。临时报告披露的财务重述信息既不完整,也不够全面;而年度报告的信息较为全面但不够及时,从可靠性的角度考虑,作者全面搜集了上市公司的年度报告,并采用关键词在年度报告内搜索有用信息,这可能损失了财务重述信息的及时性,但搜集到的上市公司财务重述信息较为全面。
第二,地缘联系损害审计独立性的根本原因在于地方政府的影响,这种影响的具体途径可能有多种,一些途径局外人无法获知,另有一些途径可能是隐性的,不可观察的,在某种情况下,一些途径虽然为外人所知,但是缺乏相应的数据也使得研究难以进行。这一困难使得地方政府影响审计师独立性的研究缺乏直接证据。
  关键词:财务重述;公司治理;股权结构;独立审计
 
 
The term "financial restatements" refers to the behavior that listed companies restate their previously published financial reports when they discover and correct errors of prior periods. Many scholars point out that the occurrence of financial restatements has a negative effect on the capital market, which may result in capital loss and bring the listed companies a series of adverse economic consequences. As a representation of the listed firms’ earnings manipulation, financial restatements mirror the weaknesses and low efficiency in corporate governance mechanism. Therefore, a major concern is what companies are more likely to restate their finnancial reports and what are the governance characteristics of these companies. Proceeding from property rights structure, the core of corporate governance, this paper probes into the ownership structures that may lead to a greater possibility of financial restatements in hope of discovering a property structure more efficient for corporate governance. Meanwhile, with the home listed firms for subjects, this paper discusses the relationship between financial statements and ownership structure as well as the relationship with independent audit to provide some hard.evidence for improving corporate governance efficiency. Following this, some personal suggestions are given to the related sides in the capital market. This paper consists of six chapters. They are as follows: The first chapter is an introduction. The paper introduces the origin of the study and reviews all the major literature at home and abroad on the research results.On that basis, the paper proposes the positive significance of the study and outlines the logical frame of the paper.
The second chapter is the theoretical foundation of the study. In this chapter, firstly, the author briefly reviews property rights theory and the theory of corporate governance. A combination of the theories and financial restatements lays down the theoretical foundation. Then, an introduction of the development of domestic enterprises is given, indicating the important influence under the historical background. Next, an analysis is carried out on demestic enterprises’ problems in forms of ownership structure and independent audit. Lastly, an expected influence the ownership structure and independent audit will have on financial restatements is expressed. 
The third chapter is an description over the problems in demestic financial restatements. In the first place, the author previews the historical evolution of financial restatements system to locate the range of research. Combining our country’s present reality, the writer then classifies the mechanism that may bring about financial restatements. According to the considerations above, the author expounds how to set up the research sample and describes the year, industry, region in the construction of the sample so that an overall image can be presented on the current situation of financial restatement problems in our country.
The fourth chapter is an empirical study on the relationship between financial restatements and ownership struture. It starts with the significance of the study on ownship structure, and regarding the cross-influence given by two dummies, the nature of stockholders and the state of control rights, it classifies the sample into four categories. Through a comparative analysis of the sample, it reveals that companies under different ownership structures result in different governance efficiency. Finally, a summary is made over the report of the research results.
The fifth chapter is another empirical study on the relationship between financial restatements and independent audit. The necessity of a research on independent audit is given at the very beginning, then on the basis of past researches, it builds models for the study of independent audit from the viewpoint of financial restatements. The author carries out a research on audiors’ competence and probes into the audit independence under the influence of geo-connection. In the end, the author reports and summarizes all the empirical results. The sixth chapter serves as a summary. It gives an overview on the above reseraches, pointing out the contributions as well as limits in the study. Moreover, it explains how the research results shed enlightments on theory and practice, and points to the direction for further study.
To sum up, the study findings are: compared with partially-owned companies, state-owned holding companies have a significantly lower chance of developing financial restatements, which proves the Free Rider theory, namely, in the case of share scattering, the listed companies’ inner controllers are more likely to have surplus management with the existence of the “free rider” behaviors. While under the circumstance of absolute controlling rights, listed companies whose ultimate controller is non-state-owned have a lower possibility of developing financial restatements than state-owned companies. The finding verifies Owner’s Absence Theory, that is, with the absence of state-owned shares’ ownership, non-state-owned shareholders are liable to decrease angency cost to improve governance efficiency. Controlling the influence of related factors, listed companies who are subjected to financial restatements are more likely to get modified auditing opinions, which indicates that the auditors are competent. However, when a listed company is about to experience financial restatements, local auditors have a significantly lower possibility in offering modified auditing opinions than that of unlocal auditors, indicating that auditors’ independence are negatively related to their geo-conncetion.
Keywords: Financial Restatements, Corporate Governance, Ownership Struture, Independent Audit

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